History and Culture Timeline

Table of contents

*Jomon period (14000-300 BC)

- Wild grapes – sign of the first alcoholic beverage - According to recent research, first evidence of wet rice cultivation in China, which is believed to have been exported to Japan.

*Yayoi period (about 300 BC – 250 AD)

- Technological advancement and confirmed brewing of sake in Japan.

*Kofun / Asuka period (250 AD- 710 AD)

- Sake for Gods / Emperor - Doburoku - unfiltered or muddy sake – - Brewing department was established at the imperial palace in Nara in 689. - Sake was recorded in Japanese history books such as Kojiki and Nihonshoki.

*Nara period (710-794)

- Sake started to be brewed using koji (kamutachi); this method spread throughout the country.

*Heian period (794-1185)

- Engishiki was published in 927. Talks about brewing sake using rice, koji and water, even warmed sake!

The Kamakura period (1185-1333)

• First steps to a commercialisation of Sake production while the demand among the common people also increased. However, the habit of drinking Sake for non-religious occasions became a social problem forcing the government to establish a prohibition in 1252.

*The Edo period (1603-1867)

- Kanzukuri: It is acknowledged that Sake making in winter is the most favourable period to make good Sake. - Toji system was established - Hi-ire: Pasteurisation by heating at a low temperature - Sandan jikomi: Three step brewing was established - Hashira shochu: Technique of alcohol addition to help adjust, enhance the flavour, and prevent acidic spoilage - Nada, Hyogo: Polishing rice using power of water - Miyamizu water well was found in Nishinomiya, Hyogo.

*Meiji period (1868-1912)

- ‘Issho-bin’: 1.8 litre bottle were created - Heavy taxation of alcoholic beverages controlled by the Japanese government. - 1872: Nihonshu, Japanese sake, made its international debut at Vienna International Exposition.

*Taisho period (1912-1926)

- The quality of sake is stabilized.

*Showa Period (1926-1989)

- Enamelled tanks appear - ‘Tategata-seimai-ki’, vertical rice polishing machines invented which resulted on the birth of refined sake - 1943: Sake classification systems introduced: tokkyu (special), ikkiyu (first) and nikyu (second) - Sanbai-zojo-ho (banned in 2006) - Sake production starts in USA, Brazil, Taiwan, Korea and China - Shipping volume of sake reaches a peak in 1973 - Jizake boom - Ginjo-shu & nama-zake becomes popular in 1982.

Sake History & Culture Long Read/Essay

Sake is the traditional rice wine of Japan. It comes in several varieties, and was first made at least 2,000 years ago. Since then, sake has played an important role in Japanese culture and history. From its origins as the "drink of the Gods" to its current status as one of the most popular drinks in the country, the history of sake is steeped in tradition, innovation, and custom.

Sake was first brewed in Japan after the practice of wet rice cultivation was introduced in that country around 1000 B.C. Though the origins of sake can be traced in China as far back as 4,000 B.C., it was the Japanese who began mass production of this simple but delicious rice concoction. The basic process of making sake involves "polishing" or milling the rice kernels, which were then cooked in good, clean water and made into a mash. The earliest "polishing" was done by a whole village: each person would chew rice and nuts and then spit the mixture into a communal tub – the sake produced was called "kuchikami no sake," which is Japanese for "chewing the mouth sake." The chewing process introduced the enzymes necessary for fermentation. Although it was part of a Shinto religious ceremony, this practice was discontinued when it was learned that Koji (a mould enzyme) and yeast could be added to the rice to start the fermentation process.

At first, sake was produced for private consumption by individual families or villages. While this practice continued, sake rice also became a large scale agricultural product. The largest production area was centred around Nada, near the present-day city of Kobe. Although more sake was being made, it was mostly consumed by the upper classes. Sake was used for many purposes in the Shinto religion, including as an offering to the Gods and to purify the temple. The bride and groom each consume sake in a Shinto wedding ceremony in a process known as Sansankudo. There were many other uses for sake in Shinto, most of which are still in practice today. It was in the 1300s that mass production of sake allowed it to become Japan's most important drink. In the years that followed the production process was improved, and sake breweries popped up throughout the nation. All the early variations of sake were cloudy until a seventeenth century brewery worker thought to use ashes to settle the cloudy particles in the sake. The story has become somewhat of a legend, because the employee was apparently disgruntled, and was trying to destroy the batch; instead, his actions refined the sake and earned him a place in history. Japan's Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth century introduced automation and machinery into the brewing process, making this popular drink even more available.

In the twentieth century, a press replaced the traditional canvas bags for squeezing the liquid out of the rice mash, yeast, and koji mixture, although some sake is still brewed the old-fashioned way. Shortages of rice in World War Two also caused changes in the brewing process: glucose and pure alcohol were added to the rice mash in order to increase the production yield and brewing time. Although borne of necessity, this process has been continued to this day, but sake made with just water, koji, yeast, and rice is still available.

Though the brewing process and availability of sake has changed over the years, sake's important role in Japanese culture has not. From its earliest beginning’s sake has been a drink of reverence, family, and friendship, consumed to mark important occasions. Because it is meant to be enjoyed with friends and family, tradition holds that a person must never pour their own sake; instead another person pours for you, and you do the same for them. For thousands of years sake has been a major part of Japanese life, and its popularity is now increasing on the international stage.